HHO gas

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HHO ("Hybrid Hydrogen Oxygen") or Klein gas is a gas created by an electrolysis process from water, which is claimed to have special properties.

Since reputable scientists ignore these claims of special properties, defying laws of physics, they have never been discussed in scientific literature. The claims made by proponents lack any basis in peer-reviewed science, and may be considered pseudoscientific.

Aquygen is the commercial trademark for this gas used by Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc. (HTA), which sells gas generators for use in welding and cutting torches (a form of water torch). HTA also claims that the gas is useful as a "primary fuel source or a fuel additive", enhancing the fuel efficiency of gasoline, diesel and aircraft turbine engines".

Ruggero Maria Santilli of the Institute for Basic Research wrote a paper in the 2006 International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, based on spectrometry analyses of the gas, which he claims support his non-standard "magnecule" theory of physics.

James Randi and others point out that the welding technique was invented decades earlier by William Rhodes and Yull Brown, and that similar dubious claims have been made about Brown's gas and water-fuelled cars in the past, but have proven to be hoaxes. Water cannot be used as a fuel source; it can only be used to generate hydrogen, which functions as an energy carrier. See Hydrogen economy.

Properties
Although it is formed in the same way as oxyhydrogen (Brown's gas), and shares many identical properties, HHO is claimed by HTA and Santilli to have unusual properties that distinguish it as a unique compound. Like oxyhydrogen, HHO gas is odorless, colorless and lighter than air.

HHO gas's proponents allege that:-
 * HHO gas exhibits a widely varying "energy content", and that the flame changes temperature in the presence of different materials, ranging from a relatively cold flame (259°F) in open air to over 10,000°F, "instantaneously" sublimating tungsten and melting brick. All normal fuels have a fixed value of energy content (Santilli measures in BTU/scf).
 * HHO gas does not follow the fundamental PVT law for gases, changing from a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen into liquid water at 150 psi., but do not bring into their theory the chemical change that this would need.
 * HHO gas adheres anomalously to gases, liquids and solids., including to gaseous fuels (such as natural gas, magnegas fuel, and others) and liquid fuels (such as diesel, gasoline, liquid petroleum, and others).



Magnecules
Santilli, basing his theory on claims of variable energy content and flames which can "melt instantaneously tungsten and bricks", claimed that HHO gas has a "unique structure with a chemical composition that cannot be described by modern science". He claims that gas chromatography-mass spectrometry experiments show evidence of stable clusters composed of individual H and O atoms, their dimers H–O, and their molecules, and H2O. According to Santilli these cannot be explained by conventional chemical bonds. He proposes, instead, that the gas contains an oxygen-hydrogen hybrid, based on a structure he names a "magnecule", in a structure which has yet to be understood. HHO is described to have the structure (H×H)–O where “×” represents Santilli's magnecular bond and “–” the conventional molecular bond. The transition from the conventional H–O–H configuration to the new (H×H)–O species is explained as being a change of the electric polarization of water caused by the electrolyzer. These claims have not yet been verified through multiple independent research studies nor are they endorsed or held by any scientist of repute in the field.

News coverage
The promotion of this gas has been featured in many popular science newspaper articles and television programs that did not comment on its veracity..

Hydrogen Technology Applications Inc. has donated several HHO gas generators to Kentucky universities and technical training centers during its introduction program.

Criticism
Despite suggestions to the contrary there exists no peer reviewed article in reputable scientific literature substantiating the claims put forward by proponents of this gas. Because of the absense of scientific debate the propositions have not been officially refuted.