Conan chronologies

This article covers some of the major Conan chronologies that have been advanced over the years. From the 1930s onward a number of fans and scholars have attempted to create a chronological timeline into which the numerous Conan the Barbarian stories by Robert E. Howard and later writers could be placed.

Going beyond a simple fan activity, these efforts have had a significant impact on the development of the popular conception of the character of Conan as well as economic consequences on the Conan franchise. As Paolo Bertetti observes, the focus on the creation of a character chronology outside of the work of the original author begins a "process that tends to transform the character into a social object of inter-individual construction and public debate, rendering it independent of texts in which it was born," and in the case of Conan, this has led to the exploitation of the character for commercial reasons and perhaps encouraged and justified the proliferation of pastiche stories and novels over the years.

A number of factors have prevented the establishment of a consensus on order of the Conan stories, most notably the fact that Howard himself apparently had little more than a general idea of the character's career path and intentionally wrote the stories out of chronological sequence. Clearly, the stories where Conan is a thief are at the early part of his career and those of King Conan – at the later part. But the middle part – the various tales of his being a pirate, brigand, and mercenary at various locations around the world – are more difficult to arrange in a neat order. While the earliest (Miller/Clark) timeline had at least partial endorsement from Howard, the addition of stories discovered and published after Howard's death in 1936 are more difficult to place. Fragments and synopses that were never completed are even more problematic and some contain what appear to be internal inconsistencies.

Miller/Clark/de Camp chronology
The essay A Probable Outline of Conan's Career (1936) was completed during Howard's lifetime by P. Schuyler Miller and John D. Clark. Howard, who reviewed it in draft and made a few corrections, stated it followed his vision of Conan's career "pretty closely." The version subsequently published in the Howard fanzine The Hyborian Age (1938) incorporated Howard's corrections. The chronology was revised over the years by Miller, Clark and L. Sprague de Camp to take into account additional Conan material, including previously unpublished stories by Howard and newly written stories by others. These revised versions of the chronology guided the order in which the stories were arranged when they were compiled into book form in the early series published by Gnome Press (1950–1957), Lancer/Ace (1966–1977), and Bantam (1978–1982), and text from the chronology was used in these series to bridge gaps between the stories.

The subsequent versions include An Informal Biography of Conan the Cimmerian (1952), a revision by Clark and de Camp used to bridge stories in the first hardcover edition of the Conan stories, published by Gnome Press. De Camp's final version of the chronology, Conan the Indestructible (1984), incorporated the first seven volumes of the series of Conan pastiches published by Tor Books.

While the chronology has Howard's general approval in regard to its placement of the stories covered by its earliest published version, such authority is lacking for later versions' placement of stories discovered after Howard's death. Most post-Howard Conan stories were written to conform to it. The chronology has been criticized for missing some in-story chronological indications pointing to a slightly different arrangement (such as "Xuthal of the Dusk" preceding "The Devil in Iron"), for force-fitting posthumously discovered Howard tales into its scheme (e.g. "The Black Stranger," in which Howard has Conan turn pirate between his stints as general and king in Aquilonia, rewritten by de Camp to omit the piratical interlude), and for having Conan wander "all over the Hyborian world in a scattered and illogical pattern, and at a break-neck pace."

Order (earliest and latest forms)
All stories added after the earliest version are indented.


 * "Legions of the Dead"
 * Conan the Barbarian (as an alternate account of Conan's early years)
 * "The Thing in the Crypt"


 * "The Tower of the Elephant"
 * Conan the Destroyer
 * Conan the Magnificent
 * Conan the Invincible
 * "The Hall of the Dead"
 * "The God in the Bowl"


 * "Rogues in the House"
 * Conan and the Sorcerer
 * Conan the Mercenary
 * The Sword of Skelos
 * Conan the Victorious
 * Conan the Unconquered
 * "The Hand of Nergal"
 * "The City of Skulls"
 * "The People of the Summit"
 * "The Curse of the Monolith"
 * Conan and the Spider God
 * "The Blood-Stained God"
 * "The Frost Giant's Daughter"
 * "The Lair of the Ice Worm"
 * Conan the Defender
 * Conan the Triumphant


 * "Queen of the Black Coast" (Part 1)
 * Conan the Rebel (between chapters 1 and 2 of "Queen of the Black Coast")


 * "Queen of the Black Coast" (Part 2)
 * "The Vale of Lost Women"
 * "The Castle of Terror"
 * "The Snout in the Dark"
 * "Hawks Over Shem"
 * The Road of Kings


 * "Black Colossus"
 * "Shadows in the Dark"


 * "Shadows in the Moonlight"
 * "The Road of the Eagles"


 * "A Witch Shall Be Born"
 * "Black Tears"


 * "Shadows in Zamboula"
 * "The Star of Khorala"


 * "The Devil in Iron"
 * "The Flame Knife"


 * "The People of the Black Circle"
 * "The Slithering Shadow"
 * "Drums of Tombalku"
 * "The Gem in the Tower"


 * "The Pool of the Black One"
 * Conan the Buccaneer


 * "Red Nails"
 * "Jewels of Gwahlur"
 * "The Ivory Goddess"


 * "Beyond the Black River"
 * "Moon of Blood"
 * "The Treasure of Tranicos"
 * "Wolves Beyond the Border"
 * Conan the Liberator


 * "The Phoenix on the Sword"
 * "The Scarlet Citadel"
 * Conan the Conqueror
 * Conan the Avenger
 * "The Witch of the Mists"
 * "Black Sphinx of Nebthu"
 * "Red Moon of Zembabwei"
 * "Shadows in the Skull"
 * Conan of the Isles

Robert Jordan chronology
A Conan Chronology by Robert Jordan (1987) was the attempt of Conan writer Robert Jordan to create a new Chronology including all Conan material written up to that point, including fifteen of the first sixteen volumes of the series of Conan pastiches published by Tor Books (omitting the eighth, Conan the Valorous). It was first published in Conan the Defiant, by Steve Perry (Tor Books, 1987). It was heavily influenced by the Miller/Clark/de Camp chronology, though deviating from it in some respects, and covers more of the Tor series. Jordan seldom provided his reasoning on his departures from the earlier chronology.

Order

 * "Legions of the Dead"
 * "The Thing in the Crypt"
 * Conan the Defiant
 * "The Tower of the Elephant"
 * Conan and the Sorcerer
 * Conan the Mercenary
 * Conan: The Sword of Skelos
 * Conan the Destroyer
 * Conan the Magnificent
 * Conan the Invincible
 * "The Hall of the Dead"
 * Conan the Fearless
 * "The God in the Bowl"
 * Conan the Warlord
 * Conan the Champion
 * "Rogues in the House"
 * Conan the Victorious
 * Conan the Unconquered
 * "The Hand of Nergal"
 * "The City of Skulls"
 * "The People of the Summit"
 * "The Curse of the Monolith"
 * Conan the Valiant
 * "The Blood-Stained God"
 * "The Frost Giant's Daughter"
 * "The Lair of the Ice Worm"
 * Conan and the Spider God
 * Conan the Defender
 * Conan: The Road of Kings
 * Conan the Triumphant
 * "Queen of the Black Coast" (Part 1)
 * Conan the Rebel
 * "Queen of the Black Coast" (Part 2)
 * "The Vale of Lost Women"
 * "The Castle of Terror"
 * "The Snout in the Dark"
 * "Hawks Over Shem"


 * "Black Colossus"
 * "Shadows in the Dark"
 * Conan the Renegade
 * "Shadows in the Moonlight"
 * "The Road of the Eagles"
 * "A Witch Shall be Born"
 * "Black Tears"
 * "Shadows in Zamboula"
 * Conan the Raider
 * "The Star of Khorala"
 * "The Devil in Iron"
 * "The Flame Knife"
 * "The People of the Black Circle"
 * Conan the Marauder
 * "The Slithering Shadow"
 * "Drums of Tombalku"
 * "The Gem in the Tower"
 * "The Pool of the Black One"
 * Conan the Buccaneer
 * "Red Nails"
 * "Jewels of Gwahlur"
 * "The Ivory Goddess"
 * "Beyond the Black River"
 * "Moon of Blood"
 * "The Treasure of Tranicos"
 * "Wolves Beyond the Border"
 * Conan the Liberator
 * "The Phoenix on the Sword"
 * "The Scarlet Citadel"
 * The Hour of the Dragon
 * The Return of Conan
 * "The Witch of the Mists"
 * "Black Sphinx of Nebthu"
 * "Red Moon of Zembabwei"
 * "Shadows in the Skull"
 * Conan of the Isles

William Galen Gray chronology
Timeline of Conan's Journeys (1997, rev. 2004), was William Galen Gray's attempt to create "a chronology of all the stories, both Howard and pastiche." It is based on a close reading of all the stories and drawing on the earlier Miller/Clark/de Camp and Jordan chronologies. Where the earlier chronologies differ Gray sometimes adopts one's placement, sometimes the other, and occasionally departs from both, in each case explaining his reasons for the placement. The Gray chronology incorporated all then-published Conan stories, including all the Tor volumes, but treated inconsistently Tor pastiches whose portrayals of Conan's early life contradict Howard's account of it. Three of these, the movie adaptations Conan the Barbarian and Conan the Destroyer and the John M. Roberts novel Conan the Bold, Gray rejected as apocryphal "Legends." The fourth, Harry Turtledove's Conan of Venarium, he accepted.

Order

 * Conan of Venarium
 * "Legions of the Dead"
 * "The Thing in the Crypt"
 * Conan the Defiant
 * Conan the Hunter
 * Conan the Indomitable
 * Conan the Free Lance
 * Conan the Formidable
 * "The Tower of the Elephant"
 * Conan and the Sorcerer
 * Conan the Mercenary
 * Conan: The Sword of Skelos
 * Conan the Outcast
 * Conan the Magnificent
 * Conan the Invincible
 * "The Hall of the Dead"
 * Conan the Fearless
 * "The God in the Bowl"
 * Conan the Warlord
 * "Rogues in the House"
 * Conan the Victorious
 * Conan the Unconquered
 * "The Hand of Nergal"
 * "The City of Skulls"
 * Conan the Hero
 * "The People of the Summit"
 * "The Curse of the Monolith"
 * Conan the Valiant
 * Conan and the Spider God
 * "The Blood-Stained God"
 * Conan the Valorous
 * "The Frost Giant's Daughter"
 * "The Lair of the Ice Worm"
 * Conan the Relentless
 * Conan the Savage
 * Conan the Defender
 * Conan the Triumphant
 * Conan the Guardian
 * "Queen of the Black Coast" (part 1)
 * Conan the Rebel
 * "Queen of the Black Coast" (part 2)
 * Conan at the Demon's Gate
 * "The Vale of Lost Women"
 * "The Castle of Terror"
 * "The Snout in the Dark"
 * Conan the Gladiator
 * Conan and the Emerald Lotus
 * "Hawks Over Shem"
 * "Black Colossus"
 * "Shadows in the Dark"


 * Conan: The Road of Kings
 * Conan the Renegade
 * "Shadows in the Moonlight"
 * Conan of the Red Brotherhood
 * Conan, Scourge of the Bloody Coast
 * Conan the Champion
 * "The Road of the Eagles"
 * "A Witch Shall be Born"
 * "Black Tears"
 * Conan and the Manhunters
 * "Shadows in Zamboula"
 * Conan the Raider
 * "The Star of Khorala"
 * Conan and the Death Lord of Thanza
 * Conan and the Amazon
 * "The Devil in Iron"
 * "The Flame Knife"
 * Conan and the Shaman's Curse
 * "The People of the Black Circle"
 * Conan the Marauder
 * Conan and the Mists of Doom
 * "The Slithering Shadow"
 * "Drums of Tombalku"
 * "The Gem in the Tower"
 * Conan and the Grim Grey God
 * "The Pool of the Black One"
 * Conan the Buccaneer
 * "Red Nails"
 * Conan and the Gods of the Mountain
 * "Jewels of Gwahlur"
 * "The Ivory Goddess"
 * Conan and the Treasure of Python
 * Conan, Lord of the Black River
 * Conan the Rogue
 * "Beyond the Black River"
 * "Moon of Blood"
 * "The Treasure of Tranicos"
 * "Wolves Beyond the Border"
 * Conan the Liberator
 * "The Phoenix on the Sword"
 * "The Scarlet Citadel"
 * The Hour of the Dragon
 * The Return of Conan
 * Conan the Great
 * "The Witch of the Mists"
 * "Black Sphinx of Nebthu"
 * "Red Moon of Zembabwei"
 * "Shadows in the Skull"
 * Conan of the Isles

Apocryphal:
 * Conan the Barbarian
 * Conan the Bold
 * Conan the Destroyer

Joe Marek chronology
Joe Marek's chronology is limited to stories written (or devised) by Howard, though within that context it is essentially a revision of the Miller/Clark/de Camp tradition. Noting the Miller/Clark/de Camp chronology's general approval by Howard, he tends to follow it when it does not contradict the internal evidence of the stories or force Conan into what he perceives as a "mad dash" around the Hyborian world within timeframes too rapid to be credible. Marek considers four changes from this chronology as central to his own:


 * 1) that "The Frost-Giant's Daughter" is the first Conan tale.
 * 2) that the four thief stories ("The Tower of the Elephant", "The Hall of the Dead", "The God in the Bowl" and "Rogues in the House") occur in a direct east to west sequence (note, however, that this is not really a change; while other chronologies may intersperse pastiches in the sequence, all except the Dale Rippke chronology place these stories in the same order).
 * 3) that "Xuthal Of The Dusk" (a.k.a. "The Slithering Shadow") has to occur before "The Devil In Iron", as the events of the former are referenced by Conan in the later.
 * 4) that "The Vale Of Lost Women" occurs later in the series than previously assumed.

Marek provides arguments for his story placements, though he fails to incorporate into his scheme the chronologically wide gap between "Beyond the Black River" and "Wolves Beyond the Border" he admits to be indicated by Howard's version of "The Black Stranger" as he believed doing anything more to filling the hole would require a major reordering of the stories that would take attention away from his four primary changes. Additionally Marek divided his timeline into five parts that would constitute about 250 paperback pages each.

Order
The Coming of Conan Conan the Barbarian
 * "The Hyborian Age, Part One"
 * "Cimmeria" (poem)
 * "The Frost Giant's Daughter"
 * "The Tower of the Elephant"
 * "The Hall of the Dead" (fragment)
 * "The God in the Bowl"
 * "Rogues in the House"
 * "The Hand of Nergal" (fragment)
 * "Black Colossus"
 * "Queen of the Black Coast"
 * "The Snout in the Dark" (fragment)
 * "Shadows in the Moonlight"
 * "A Witch Shall Be Born"
 * "Shadows in Zamboula"
 * "Xuthal of the Dusk"
 * "The Devil in Iron"
 * "The People of the Black Circle"

The Sword of Conan King Conan Conan The Conqueror
 * "Drums of Tombalku" (fragment)
 * "The Vale of Lost Women"
 * "The Pool of the Black One"
 * "Red Nails"
 * "The Teeth of Gwahlur"
 * "Beyond the Black River"
 * "The Black Stranger"
 * "Wolves Beyond the Border" (fragment)
 * "The Phoenix on the Sword"
 * "The Scarlet Citadel"
 * The Hour of the Dragon
 * "The Hyborian Age, Part Two"
 * "Notes On Various Peoples of The Hyborian Age"
 * Letters

Dale Rippke chronology
In 2003 Dale Rippke published The Darkstorm Conan Chronology, a completely revised chronology, including only those stories written (or devised) by Howard. Completions of Howard works by other hands and post-Howard works are not included. Rippke bases his story placements on the texts as Howard wrote them, which lead him to some of the same conclusions as Marek. Most of his differences with Marek fall in the middle of their respective efforts. The Dark Horse comic series is based on and mostly follows this chronology.

Order

 * "The Frost Giant's Daughter"
 * "The God in the Bowl"
 * "The Tower of the Elephant"
 * "The Hall of the Dead" (synopsis)
 * "Rogues in the House"
 * "The Hand of Nergal" (fragment)
 * "Black Colossus"
 * "Shadows in the Moonlight"
 * "Queen of the Black Coast"
 * "The Snout in the Dark" (fragment)
 * "The Slithering Shadow"
 * "A Witch Shall Be Born"
 * "The Devil in Iron"


 * "The People of the Black Circle"
 * "Shadows in Zamboula"
 * "Drums of Tombalku" (fragment)
 * "The Vale of Lost Women"
 * "The Pool of the Black One"
 * "Beyond the Black River"
 * "The Black Stranger"
 * "Red Nails"
 * "Jewels of Gwahlur"
 * "Wolves Beyond the Border" (fragment)
 * "The Phoenix on the Sword"
 * "The Scarlet Citadel"
 * "The Hour of the Dragon"