HHO gas

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HHO ("Hybrid Hydrogen Oxygen") is a gas created by a patented electrolysis process from ordinary water, which is claimed to have special properties. There is no commonly accepted scientific evidence for these properties, which would break the established laws of physics.

Aquygen is the trademark for this gas used by Hydrogen Technology Applications, Inc., which sells gas generators for use in welding and cutting torches. HTA also claims that the gas is useful as a "primary fuel source or a fuel additive", enhancing the fuel efficiency of gasoline, diesel and aircraft turbine engines.

James Randi and others point out that the technique was invented earlier by Rhodes and Brown in the 60s and 70s, and that similar dubious claims have been made about Brown's gas and water-fuelled cars in the past, but proven to be hoaxes.

Properties
HHO gas is odorless, colorless and lighter than air, with many properties identical to oxyhydrogen or Brown's gas. According to HTA and Ruggero Maria Santilli of the Institute for Basic Research there are many unique and unusual properties that distinguish HHO from oxyhydrogen (Brown's gas), water vapor, and other variants.


 * Santilli describes the creation of the gaseous and combustible HHO from distilled water at atmospheric temperature and pressure via a process structurally different than evaporation or separation, which suggests the existence of a new form of water. There is no evidence whatsoever that this process is theoretically possible or has been achieved in practice.
 * In the production of HHO gas, there is no evaporation process at all, the electric energy used being insufficient for evaporation.
 * Its commercial proponents claim that HHO gas exhibits a widely varying energy content, ranging from a relatively cold flame (259°F) in open air to large releases of thermal energy, depending on its use.  As all normal fuels have a fixed value of energy content (Santilli measures in BTU/scf) the claims regarding HHO must be dubious and have not been proved.
 * It is claimed that HHO gas instantaneously melts tungsten, bricks, and other highly refractive substances. In particular, measurements have established the remarkable capability of combusted Aquygen Gas to instantaneously reach temperatures over 10,000°F, under which virtually all substances on Earth can be sublimated. There is no evidence that this is the case.
 * That fact that HHO gas does not follow the fundamental PVT law for gases is another reason to doubt its existence.
 * HHO gas is supposed by its believers to demonstrate an anomalous adhesion to gases, liquids and solids. They claim that HHO gas bonds to gaseous fuels (such as natural gas, magnegas fuel, and others) and liquid fuels (such as diesel, gasoline, liquid petroleum, and others).  These claims, again, have no basis in fact.

Magnecules
Based on the claims of variable energy content and flames which can "melt instantaneously tungsten and bricks", Santilli concludes in the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy that HHO gas has a unique structure with a chemical composition that cannot be described by modern science. He claims that gas chromatography-mass spectrometry experiments show evidence of stable clusters composed of individual H and O atoms, their dimers H–O, and their molecules, and H2O. According to Santilli, these atomic and molecular bonds cannot entirely be of valence type. He proposes, instead, that the gas contains an oxygen-hydrogen hybrid, which he names a "magnecule", in a structure which has yet to be understood. HHO is described to have the structure (H×H)–O where “×” represents Santilli's magnecular bond and “–” the conventional molecular bond. The transition from the conventional H–O–H configuration to the new (H×H)–O species is explained as being a change of the electric polarization of water caused by the electrolyzer. These claims have not yet been verified through multiple independent research studies nor are they endorsed or held by any scientist of repute in the field.

News coverage
Klein and his gas have been featured in many newspaper articles and television programs, including CNN, FOX News, NBC, and local papers.  Hydrogen Technology Applications Inc. has donated several HHO gas generators to Kentucky universities and technical training centers during its introduction program.